Abstract: Regional differences of per capita urban and rural residents pension among east, central, west and northeast China in 2010-2015 were analyzed using the Theil index. It was found that there were obvious difference on per capita pension of urban and rural residents among different regions. And the gaps among regions or intra-region showed both complex, the proportion of the former to the overall gap was small. With panel model, the main factors that caused the regional differences in the urban and rural residents pension were analyzed. It was proposed to make the pension fund managed as a whole around the country as soon as possible, to improve the incentive mechanism of insurance participation, to strengthen the link with other pension insurance systems, and to combine differentiated strategies.