Abstract: To achieve high-quality agricultural development, we must be grounded in new quality productive forces with agricultural sci-tech innovation at the core. Currently, China's agricultural science and technology innovation is at a critical stage of transitioning from “partial breakthroughs” to “overall efficiency improvement.” It is imperative to establish a central-local coordination mechanism to break down administrative barriers, integrate technological resources, build an efficient and synergistic agricultural science and technology innovation ecosystem, and advance coordinated efforts in agricultural science and technology. This paper elaborates on the theoretical basis and historical evolution of central-local collaborative innovation in agriculture, systematically examines the difficulties and challenges facing agricultural science and technology collaborative innovation under the new circumstances, and takes the Agricultural High-Quality Development Surpassing Collaborative Innovation Project jointly implemented by Fujian Province and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences as a case study to analyze its effectiveness and bottlenecks. From multiple dimensions, including the allocation of science and technology resources, the layout of research projects, talent sharing, and policy incentives, it proposes pathways to optimize the central-local collaborative innovation mechanism, providing decision-making references for promoting provincial-level agricultural research institutes to develop new quality productive forces in agriculture under the new circumstances.