Objective/Meaning The study aimed to investigate the role, mechanism, and heterogeneous effects of agricultural productive services provided at the village level on the rural low-income households’ income growth, with the goal of enriching the research on the effects of agricultural productive service externalities and providing references and insights for the improvement of relevant agricultural policies.

Methods/Procedures By using the three-period village-level data from the China Labor Dynamics Survey (CLDS) from 2014 to 2018, the OLS regression model, the mediation effect model, and the moderating effect model were used to explore the impact of agricultural productive service supply on the income increase of rural low-income households.

Results/Conclusions The results showed that: (1) the income-generating effect of agricultural production services on the low-income groups in rural areas was limited by the “access threshold” of the type of service. However, the two types of agricultural production services, namely, the unified irrigation services and production and planting planning, which were of a higher quasi-public-good nature, could have a significant positive effect on the income-generating effect of low-income families in rural areas. (2) The presence of farmers’ professional cooperatives (agricultural industry assistance) within the same village had a partial mediating effect on the process of agricultural productive services in promoting the rural low-income households’ income increase, whereas the popularization and use of the Internet was a positive moderating variable for the agricultural productive services to significantly increase the incomes of rural low-income groups. (3) The effects of village agricultural productive services on the income increase of rural low-income households varied by region, with the unified irrigation service, production and planting planning having a significant positive impact on the income increase of rural low-income groups in the northwestern and eastern regions, respectively. As a result, in order to improve the output efficiency and social benefits of agricultural productive services, the supply of inclusive agricultural productive services should be strengthened, taking the regional characteristics into account and fully exploiting the advantages of rural economic organizations and digital technology.