Objective/Meaning  Understanding the economic benefits of cultivated land for different scale peasant households in Xinjiang was helpful to promote the moderate scale management of land and enhance the agricultural competitiveness of Xinjiang.

  Methods/Procedures  By taking 11 regions of Xinjiang as the research object, the stepwise regression method was used to verify the effects of different land circulation situations and different planting scales on the economic benefits per unit cultivated land.

  Results/Conclusions  The research showed that: (1) From the perspective of land circulation, the peasant households with land inflow had higher benefit per unit cultivated land than the peasant households without land inflow. (2) From the perspective of land planting scale, the medium-scale peasant households (3.3～6 hm²) had the highest benefit per unit cultivated land, followed by the large-scale peasant households (＞6 hm²) and the small-to-medium-scale peasant households (1～3.3 hm²), while the small-scale peasant households (≤1 hm² ) had the lowest benefit per unit cultivated land. (3) From the perspective of different land circulation situations and different planting scales, the large-scale peasant households had the highest economic benefit per unit cultivated land under the condition of no land inflow, while the medium-scale peasant households had higher economic benefit per unit cultivated land under the condition of land inflow. Based on this, it was suggested to accelerate the scale of land circulation in Xinjiang to improve the agricultural scale efficiency; strengthen the extension and service of agricultural technology to improve the planting and management level of farmers; pay attention to the problem of moderate scale management, so as to achieve the maximum scale efficiency of cultivated land.