Abstract: Chinese dreams which are proposed at the NPC and CPPCC sessions in 2015 stress the tough battle on environmental governance again.The problems between human and natural environment are caused by the ambiguously defined poverty rights and the unclear rights and liabilities.Based on the perspective of propertyrights economics, this paper explained the reasons why the current environmental protection departments did nothing and couldn’t do nothing.Then, by analyzing the economic model established from the two angles of complete poverty rights and incomplete poverty rights, this paper pointed out that the causes of the problems lied in whether the arrangement of property rights was reasonable.Last, this paper developed a new route of system design, which was to change the environmental protection departments into environmental protection companies on the basis of introducing market mechanism and to support the development of pillar industries relating to energy conservation and environmental protection.